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If you install a display manager among your package selection options, this package creates an X configuration, and the installed system defaults to graphical. That overrides the effect of the skipx option. The sshkey Kickstart command is optional. The syspurpose Kickstart command is optional. Use it to set the system purpose which describes how the system will be used after installation. This information helps apply the correct subscription entitlement to the system.
Available values are:. The timezone Kickstart command is required. It sets the system time zone. In Red Hat Enterprise Linux 8, time zone names are validated using the pytz. In previous releases, the names were validated against pytz. Note that the graphical and text mode interfaces still use the more restricted pytz.
The user Kickstart command is optional. It creates a new user on the system. Consider using the --uid and --gid options to set IDs of regular users and their default groups at range starting at instead of That is because the range reserved for system users and groups, 0 - , might increase in the future and thus overlap with IDs of regular users. For changing the minimum UID and GID limits after the installation, which ensures that your chosen UID and GID ranges are applied automatically on user creation, see the Setting default permissions for new files using umask section of the Configuring basic system settings document.
Files and directories are created with various permissions, dictated by the application used to create the file or directory. For example, the mkdir command creates directories with all permissions enabled.
However, applications are prevented from granting certain permissions to newly created files, as specified by the user file-creation mask setting. The user file-creation mask can be controlled with the umask command. If unset, it defaults to This means that by default when an application creates a file, it is prevented from granting write permission to users other than the owner of the file. However, this can be overridden by other settings or scripts. More information can be found in the Setting default permissions for new files using umask section of the Configuring basic system settings document.
The xconfig Kickstart command is optional. It configures the X Window System. Use the optional network Kickstart command to configure network information for the target system and activate the network devices in the installation environment.
The device specified in the first network command is activated automatically. You can also explicitly require a device to be activated using the --activate option. If you use the --activate option on a device that has already been activated for example, an interface you configured with boot options so that the system could retrieve the Kickstart file the device is reactivated to use the details specified in the Kickstart file.
Use the --nodefroute option to prevent the device from using the default route. By default, Anaconda activates the first network device in the Kickstart file regardless of the --activate option. You can disable the default setting by using the --no-activate option. The default option is dhcp ; the dhcp and bootp options are treated the same. To disable ipv4 configuration of the device, use --noipv4 option. This option configures ipv4 configuration of the device.
For ipv6 configuration use --ipv6 and --ipv6gateway options. To direct a system to use DHCP:. To direct a machine to use BOOTP to obtain its networking configuration, use the following line in the Kickstart file:.
The static method requires that you specify at least the IP address and netmask in the Kickstart file. This information is static and is used during and after the installation. You can also configure multiple nameservers at the same time. Make sure you specify this option for any network command beyond the first.
The host name can either be a fully qualified domain name FQDN in the format hostname. If you use a Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP service to automatically assign a domain name to connected systems, only specify the short host name. If you provide additional options when configuring the host name, the network command configures a device using the options specified. If you do not specify which device to configure using the --device option, the default --device link value is used.
Additionally, if you do not specify the protocol using the --bootproto option, the device is configured to use DHCP by default. The above command creates a bond device named bond0 using the em1 and em2 interfaces as its secondary devices.
If an option itself contains a comma, use a semicolon to separate the options. For the list of available and supported modes, see Configuring and Managing Networking Guide. The interface name can be arbitrary for example, my-vlan , but in specific cases, the following conventions must be followed:.
Secondary devices are separated by commas. Available values are stp , priority , forward-delay , hello-time , max-age , and ageing-time. Also see the Configuring and managing networking document for general information about network bridging. The realm Kickstart command is optional.
For more information about this command, see the join section of the realm 8 man page. The Kickstart commands in this section configure aspects of storage such as devices, disks, partitions, LVM, and filesystems.
The device Kickstart command is optional. Use it to load additional kernel modules. However, on older systems and some PCI systems, Kickstart requires a hint to find the proper devices. The device command, which tells the installation program to install extra modules, uses the following format:. The autopart Kickstart command is optional. It automatically creates partitions. Accepts the following values:. For a description of the available partition schemes, see Section C. This is equivalent to checking the Encrypt partitions check box on the initial partitioning screen during a manual graphical installation.
When encrypting one or more partitions, Anaconda attempts to gather bits of entropy to ensure the partitions are encrypted securely. Gathering entropy can take some time - the process will stop after a maximum of 10 minutes, regardless of whether sufficient entropy has been gathered. The process can be sped up by interacting with the installation system typing on the keyboard or moving the mouse.
If you are installing in a virtual machine, you can also attach a virtio-rng device a virtual random number generator to the guest. The bootloader Kickstart command is required. It specifies how the boot loader should be installed.
To specify multiple parameters, separate them with spaces. To disable this behavior, explicitly disallow installation of plymouth :. This option is useful for disabling mechanisms which were implemented to mitigate the Meltdown and Spectre speculative execution vulnerabilities found in most modern processors CVE, CVE, and CVE In some cases, these mechanisms may be unnecessary, and keeping them enabled causes decreased performance with no improvement in security. Ensure your system is not at risk of attack before disabling any of the vulnerability mitigation mechanisms.
See the Red Hat vulnerability response article for information about the Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities. When zipl is installed, it determines the boot drive on its own. Valid values are the following:. On a GPT-formatted disk, this option installs stage 1.
On an MBR-formatted disk, stage 1. This should be used to restrict access to the GRUB2 shell, where arbitrary kernel options can be passed. If a password is specified, GRUB2 also asks for a user name.
The user name is always root. If you want to encrypt the password, use this option and an encrypted password. An example bootloader Kickstart entry with an encrypted password looks similar to the following:.
For example, instead of:. This way the command will always target the same storage device. This is especially useful in large storage environments. See the chapter Overview of persistent naming attributes in the Managing storage devices document for more in-depth information about different ways to consistently refer to storage devices. The zipl Kickstart command is optional. When installed on a system that is later than IBM z14, the installed system cannot be booted from an IBM z14 or earlier model.
Secure Boot is not supported on IBM z14 and earlier models. Use --no-secure-boot if you intend to boot the installed system on IBM z14 and earlier models. The clearpart Kickstart command is optional. It removes partitions from the system, prior to creation of new partitions.
By default, no partitions are removed. This option will erase all disks which can be reached by the installation program, including any attached network storage. For example, the following clears all the partitions on the first two drives on the primary IDE controller:. Never specify multipath devices by device names like mpatha. Device names such as this are not specific to a particular disk.
Therefore, the clearpart command could target the wrong disk. Because --initlabel can see all disks, it is important to ensure only those drives that are to be formatted are connected. This option overrides the --all and --linux options if used. Can be used across different drives. The fcoe Kickstart command is optional. The ignoredisk Kickstart command is optional. It causes the installation program to ignore the specified disks. This is useful if you use automatic partitioning and want to be sure that some disks are ignored.
For example, without ignoredisk , attempting to deploy on a SAN-cluster the Kickstart would fail, as the installation program detects passive paths to the SAN that return no partition table. All other disks are ignored. For example, to use disk sda during installation and ignore all other disks:. You must specify only one of the --drives or --only-use. The iscsi Kickstart command is optional.
It specifies additional iSCSI storage to be attached during installation. The iscsiname Kickstart command is optional. It assigns a name to an iSCSI node specified by the iscsi command. The logvol Kickstart command is optional. Must be of one of the following forms:. To determine the size of the swap partition automatically, use the --recommended option:. To determine the size of the swap partition automatically and also allow extra space for your system to hibernate, use the --hibernation option:.
The size assigned will be equivalent to the swap space assigned by --recommended plus the amount of RAM on your system. For the swap sizes assigned by these commands, see Section C. You cannot use both of these options on the same logical volume.
For details about the recommended scheme, see Section C. If you do not specify a passphrase, the installation program uses the default, system-wide passphrase set with the autopart --passphrase command, or stops the installation and prompts you to provide a passphrase if no default is set. For more information about cached logical volumes and their modes, see the lvmcache 7 man page.
Do not use the dash - character in logical volume and volume group names when installing Red Hat Enterprise Linux using Kickstart. This limitation only applies to newly created logical volume and volume group names. If you are reusing existing ones using the --noformat option, their names will not be changed.
Create the partition first, create the logical volume group, and then create the logical volume:. The mount Kickstart command is optional. It assigns a mount point to an existing block device, and optionally reformats it to a given format.
The nvdimm Kickstart command is optional. Additionally, the specified device is implicitly marked as to be used, so a subsequent nvdimm use command for the same device is redundant.
The device must be already configured to the sector mode by the nvdimm reconfigure command. The part or partition Kickstart command is required. It creates a partition on the system. The value must be of one of the following forms:. The size assigned will be effective but not precisely calibrated for your system. To determine the size of the swap partition automatically but also allow extra space for your system to hibernate, use the --hibernation option:.
The partition is used for software RAID see raid. The partition is used for LVM see logvol. It is not necessary on UEFI systems. See also the bootloader command. It is not necessary on BIOS systems. Specify an integer value here such as do not include the unit. If the --size value is too small, the installation fails. Set the --size value as the minimum amount of space you require.
For size recommendations, see Section C. For systems that have less than 2 GB of physical memory, the imposed limit is twice the amount of physical memory. For systems with more than 2 GB, the imposed limit is the size of physical memory plus 2GB.
Uses an existing blank device and format it to the new specified type. These options can also add a partition to a logical volume. The device must already exist on the system; the --onpart option will not create it. It is also possible to specify an entire drive, rather than a partition, in which case Anaconda will format and use the drive without creating a partition table.
Note, however, that installation of GRUB2 is not supported on a device formatted in this way, and must be placed on a drive with a partition table. This command always creates a partition. Forces the partition to be created on a particular disk. Therefore, the part command could target the wrong disk. If you do not specify a passphrase, Anaconda uses the default, system-wide passphrase set with the autopart --passphrase command, or stops the installation and prompts you to provide a passphrase if no default is set.
The raid Kickstart command is optional. It assembles a software RAID device. The default Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7 mdadm metadata version is not supported for the boot device. See Section C. Do not use mdraid names in the form of md0 - these names are not guaranteed to be persistent. Instead, use meaningful names such as root or swap.
If you have an old v0. It also creates three swap partitions, one on each drive. The reqpart Kickstart command is optional.
It automatically creates partitions required by your hardware platform. The snapshot Kickstart command is optional. Use it to create LVM thin volume snapshots during the installation process. This enables you to back up a logical volume before or after the installation. To create multiple snapshots, add the snaphost Kickstart command multiple times.
The volgroup Kickstart command is optional. If you use this option, do not specify a partition. Create the partition first, then create the logical volume group, and then create the logical volume. The zerombr Kickstart command is optional.
The zerombr initializes any invalid partition tables that are found on disks and destroys all of the contents of disks with invalid partition tables. The zfcp Kickstart command is optional. It defines a Fibre channel device. This command configures the kdump kernel crash dumping mechanism.
The syntax for this command is unusual because it is an add-on rather than a built-in Kickstart command. In case of a system crash, kexec boots into a second kernel a capture kernel. This capture kernel resides in a reserved part of the system memory.
For more information about Kdump, see the Installing and configuring kdump chapter of the Managing, monitoring and updating the kernel document. You can also specify auto instead of a numeric value. In that case, the installation program will determine the amount of memory automatically based on the criteria described in the Memory requirements for kdump section of the Managing, monitoring and updating the kernel document.
This add-on has been enabled by default since Red Hat Enterprise Linux 7. When enabled, the packages necessary to provide this functionality will automatically be installed. However, by default, no policies are enforced, meaning that no checks are performed during or after installation unless specifically configured. Applying a security policy is not necessary on all systems. This command should only be used when a specific policy is mandated by your organization rules or government regulations.
These pairs are whitespace-agnostic. Values can be optionally enclosed in single quotes ' or double quotes ". Possible values are datastream , archive , rpm , and scap-security-guide. If the content-type is scap-security-guide , the add-on will use content provided by the scap-security-guide package, which is present on the boot media.
This means that all other keys except profile will have no effect. Example B. The following is a more complex example which loads a custom profile from a web server:. The pwpolicy Kickstart command is optional. Use this command to enforce a custom password policy during installation. The policy requires you to create passwords for the root, users, or the luks user accounts. The factors such as password length and strength decide the validity of a password.
The rescue Kickstart command is optional. It provides a shell environment with root privileges and a set of system management tools to repair the installation and to troubleshoot the issues like:. The Kickstart rescue mode is different from the rescue mode and emergency mode, which are provided as part of the systemd and service manager.
The rescue command does not modify the system on its own. You can choose not to mount the system, or to mount it in read-only mode. To run a rescue mode, make a copy of the Kickstart file, and include the rescue command in it. Using the rescue command causes the installer to perform the following steps:. This step is run only if the installed system is mounted in read-write mode. RAID stands for Redundant Array of Independent Disks, a technology which allows you to combine multiple physical disks into logical units.
Some setups are designed to enhance performance at the cost of reliability, while others improve reliability at the cost of requiring more disks for the same amount of available space. Red Hat recommends that you create separate file systems at the following mount points. This partition scheme is recommended for bare metal deployments and it does not apply to virtual and cloud deployments. Due to the limitations of most firmwares, creating a small partition to hold these is recommended.
In most scenarios, a 1 GiB boot partition is adequate. The root directory is the top-level of the directory structure. While a 5 GiB root file system allows you to install a minimal installation, it is recommended to allocate at least 10 GiB so that you can install as many package groups as you want. Swap file systems support virtual memory; data is written to a swap file system when there is not enough RAM to store the data your system is processing.
Swap size is a function of system memory workload, not total system memory and therefore is not equal to the total system memory size. It is important to analyze what applications a system will be running and the load those applications will serve in order to determine the system memory workload. Application providers and developers can provide guidance.
When the system runs out of swap space, the kernel terminates processes as the system RAM memory is exhausted. Configuring too much swap space results in storage devices being allocated but idle and is a poor use of resources.
Too much swap space can also hide memory leaks. The maximum size for a swap partition and other additional information can be found in the mkswap 8 manual page. The following table provides the recommended size of a swap partition depending on the amount of RAM in your system and if you want sufficient memory for your system to hibernate.
If you let the installation program partition your system automatically, the swap partition size is established using these guidelines. Automatic partitioning setup assumes hibernation is not in use. The maximum size of the swap partition is limited to 10 percent of the total size of the hard drive, and the installation program cannot create swap partitions more than 1TiB. At the border between each range, for example, a system with 2 GB, 8 GB, or 64 GB of system RAM, discretion can be exercised with regard to chosen swap space and hibernation support.
If your system resources allow for it, increasing the swap space can lead to better performance. Distributing swap space over multiple storage devices - particularly on systems with fast drives, controllers and interfaces - also improves swap space performance. Many systems have more partitions and volumes than the minimum required. Choose partitions based on your particular system needs.
There is no best way to partition every system; the optimal setup depends on how you plan to use the system being installed. However, the following tips may help you find the optimal layout for your needs:. When kdump is enabled in system it will take approximately another 40MB another initrd with 33MB.
However, it is recommended that you increase the size of this partition if you are planning on retaining multiple kernel releases or errata kernels. In some situations, such as when these directories are placed on an iSCSI drive or an FCoE location, the system may either be unable to boot, or it may hang with a Device is busy error when powering off or rebooting.
It is important to understand how storage technologies are configured and how support for them may have changed between major versions of Red Hat Enterprise Linux.
Any RAID functions provided by the mainboard of your computer, or attached controller cards, need to be configured before you begin the installation process. On systems with more than one hard drive, you can use the Red Hat Enterprise Linux installation program to operate several of the drives as a Linux software RAID array.
You can connect and configure external USB storage after installation. Replace filename. This is important because the download link in the Customer Portal contains extra characters which curl would otherwise use in the downloaded file name, too. Finally, use another single quotation mark after the last parameter, and press Enter to run the command and start transferring the ISO image. The single quotation marks prevent the command line interpreter from misinterpreting any special characters that might be included in the download link.
Example 2. Downloading an ISO image with curl The following is an example of a curl command line:. Note that the actual download link is much longer because it contains complicated identifiers. If your Internet connection does drop before the transfer is complete, refresh the download page in the Customer Portal; log in again if necessary.
Copy the new download link, use the same basic curl command line parameters as earlier but be sure to use the new download link, and add -C - to instruct curl to automatically determine where it should continue based on the size of the already downloaded file. Resuming an interrupted download attempt The following is an example of a curl command line that you use if you have only partially downloaded the ISO image of your choice:.
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